The Great Gaia Pot-Roast

Blog December 2019:

Are we cooking the planet?

NewIn-

Phrase-“Consequence

Management”-FromActBased

OnBeliefToThatFoundedOn

DATA


I don’t know if you all noticed something curious, with the world climate change follow up sessions [COP] in Madrid this past week… It was broadly ignored.


If you didn’t know it was happening that is not surprising, given that it was almost completely passed over by what is loosely called “the mainstream media”: i.e. radio, TV and newspapers… to the extent that such things still functionally exist. There was some remonstrating about non-compliance and one of the few in depth explorations: an interview with veteran spokesperson Jane Fonda drew a complete blank regarding the rationale for what the interviewer regarded as a panic driven “Consequence Management” programme.



So when I Listened to Antonio Guterres [UNSecGen] making a deeply hedged and fudged plea to signatories in Madrid this week, I couldn’t help wondering if he would have had more impact had he simply said what I have put together below. Now that I am finally liberated from the creative stage of of my [4part] Azanian Quartet… I have had time to explore ALL the dots that I have assembled over the past 25 years: since I started the venture.I have used the result to konstrukt his ‘fairy tale’ response.



I warn you that this is not cool, and I understand why no one wants to present, what may well be an endgame full story. I have however been saying this [assuming it to be fiction] for ten years now on my website; and for longer in blogs… I do not expect you to LIKE! What you read: and sharing it is not an option I want you to take. You are my reader… This is for your eyes only. What I learned from my two-week exposure to Boys Scouts, as a onetime teenager, that helped me survive to become today’s “YES… BOOMER”: was the motto “Be Prepared”.


What follows is what I would have preferred the United Nations Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, to say last week: at the start of the Madrid talkfest… This means that the “quote marks” are imaginary: –


“Including this week’s Albanian earthquake, slightly more than 55% of all Hiroshima scale catastrophic earthquakes, of which we have any record over the past TWO AND A HALF MILLENIA: have happened in the past TWENTY ONE years.


We had more such catastrophic earthquakes this year [2019], for instance, than we recorded through the whole 100 years of the 19th century…. We have gone; over the past few hundred years, from a time when we had one catastrophe level earthquake every 36 YEARS; to one every 1,000 days and then: shortening, shortening, shortening… time spans: To now ONE every NINE days… Within 10 years, at the present rate of seemingly exponential increase it will be: 1 somewhere every 30 minutes.


Now there is obviously something happening there that we can’t do much about: but here’s the problem….


The friction caused by repetitive earthquakes seems set on becoming self-reinforcing: thereby heating up the planet from the inside. This is exacerbated by what researchers at Washington University, supported by MIT, call the “Tanning Oil”… of what would be more loosely called a warm snug canopy of CO2.


So if we don’t do something about this load of CO2 trapping the heat inside our home: we are facing an extinction event: that may well include us.


What the two days could more usefully employed doing then would be to explore what kind of prize money we can give to the first person or organisation that comes up with a ‘fast eating’ method of disposing with CO2 permanently; instead of wasting precious time with Carbon sharing schemes that simply lather more ‘tanning oil’ onto the fast warming planetary system.


So apart from apologising for a clutch of mixed metaphors; and giving congratulations to the doctrinal students concerned, for their METAPHOR OF THE YEAR, that is what I what I recommend we do, over this fast evolving dilemma during these two days.”


End of fairy tale quote.


Do you think that may have got more attention from a deeply distracted world with that scary although factually accurate true statement: than the stifled yawns he did get from yet another round of YAA YA YAA?… His blah blah speech; and the entire exercise in Madrid: barely merited a by-line from the world’s media. He has implicitly failed in his duty… Either because he wants to… or because he does not understand the problem… Which I find to be improbable…


Unless of course, I’m seriously missing something… unspoken… about the current malaise of global disinterest by the political managers in actually managing anything but the consequence of previous inaction.


Frankly; If the world is so perilously close to an apocalyptic moment as he suggests,then it is time to start treating the actual evidence with hugely more respect than is currently happening. [As I’m loading this there is a report of a fatal Volcanic eruption in a place ironically called “White Island”, off New Zealand… I will deal more with volcanos in my following blog].


So: Does the UN need to offer a glittering prize to the person or business that invents a way of eating CO2… FAST? The way Elon Musk offers a prize for the first functional Hyperloop.


Perhaps we are ignoring a critical part of the evidence. Maybe we are so focussed on the smoke and mirrors of Apocryphal rhetoric that we are mistaking the outcome for cause. Worst case: the planet’s leadership understands the problem only too well and has no answer… hence the apparent collapse of initiative amongst them all… and accounting for the “Eat, drink and be merry… For…” mindset that seems at large on the planet.


Of course it may be that the Apocalyptic ‘moment’ already happened 21 years ago: and no one wants to be the first to say so. Naturally that doesn’t include me. So as long as you remember that I write fiction, fiction as you know means imaginery. This means that you can ignore this blog; and call what i’m saying to be an amateur’s figment of the imagination…. after all i am not a kleva scientist; simply a retired economist with a bent for history: And a creative imagination.


Which it was in spades … 21 years ago… At that time, I hypothesised what I called a “Nuclear Triple Double Tap”: a Tambora* scale event, that took place during 1998, underground; and was contained: inside the planet. I speculated then, for fictional purposes, that the resultant ‘pulse’ created a “Ringing” discord in the planet’s natural rhythms: sending shock waves resounding through it… Triggering planet change. The catastrophe enabled me to introduce what is now being called UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME as part of the backstory to my plot.


You’ll remember what has been written on my website, with its symbolic ‘Planet burning’ image, for the past decade: “What if we accidentally disrupted the planet: and the magma is still moving…? Much like the way the coffee keep slopping around in my cup when I inadvertently bump it.” It was always intended to be fiction.


21 years later I have come, with incredulous reluctance, to believe the possibility that we did actually have a culminating, Tambora* scale explosion inside the planet. That it has triggered a self- reinforcing pattern of friction, inside the planet, along all the tectonic boundaries; and that the lathering of tanning oil represented by the mantle of CO2 covering the planet: is creating a pressure cooker effect.


As a poet I would see a metaphor of a planet rubbing its hands in gleeful rage; as it shakes the fleas upon its back. And in the same way that we rub our hands together to warm ourselves via the friction… on a cold winters morning… So through rapidly expanding, almost exponential friction inside the planet, Gaia is thus warming up: and the ice is melting at the bottom of the ocean’s frozen parts.in other words: The planet has become a giant pot-roast in space.


The question that should then have been posed by Antonio Guterres to the assembly and, by extension, WE [the people] was: “We have to find something that feasts on CarbonDioxide. Without the pressure release of lowering CO2… Planet earth may well start to explode: In other words: it will blow… So ask yourself: ‘Where do you want to be when it does’?”


Make my day. Prove to me that I am wrong. That I am still, no more than the ‘tickey-line’ writer of cheap pulp fiction Sci-Fi, that I lay claim to being. Tell me that writing this blog is just a manoeuvre to sell my upcoming work on Amazon… and that i am … whatever.


I certainly hope, fervently, in spite of the evidence… that it is no more than that.


Luvs ya all


!NiK[Dec’19]


*Tambora… See Google for detail. A volcanic explosion [1815 AD] in the former Dutch East Indies that created what many believed was a sign for the “End Times” in Europe. The cause of the damage to both northern Europe, the northern USA and China: was not understood for another 150 years. It will be the subject of a future blog; that will explore the previously ignored consequences of that show of Nature’s inherently brutal response: to our ignorant temerity.


COP25/Google’s Wikipedia is the source for the record of earthquake events… also included was a report from Washington University, and another from Northumbria University.

Begin the Begin

Howzit Tjina: welcome to Jakari’s blog.

Howzit?


This is a common greeting where I live, and about which I mostly write; so should you be someone who lives what I call, offshore, then know that you may not know that… So in addition Howzit! is often accompanied by the word “China”, which has nothing in common with the place of that name and although it sounds like china it is spelt Tjina.


So you may be meeting someone you don’t know and it is appropriate to be less than formal as with a blog… So Howzit China [aka: Tjina].


In introducing myself to Amazon readers[and those new to Jakari ], I am aware that quite reasonably, most will never have heard of me, and wonder immediately why they should join my band of curious readers/listeners. You would also not therefore know that I have been busy quietly introducing the future to readers all over the cyberverse [sic] for about 20 years now since that world arrived where I live.


Begin the Begin


So. I shall observe, simply, that I am by the standards of fashionable modernity someone who has been around a while [as have a few billion other unknown wannabe noticed persons …one of whom may be you.]


Therefore although I have been a ‘bloggist’ for 20 years now and have even been read occasionally; and nonetheless given this is my first Amazon based blog, since setting myself up as an author of creative work on Amazon, I wondered whether I should perhaps offer thoughts to a new source of reader and wander rather, randomly, over what I am, why I am what I am, and generally why I am increasingly concerned that something I created as fiction is becoming most disturbing.


On the other hand perhaps that will be simply boring. Decisions… decisions!


So recently on Christmas day, I sat on the Internet and played with Google… something I have had little time to do this past 7 years… in that my usage was overwhelmingly professionally oriented. I am now released from that demanding purpose and can more closely koncentrate on ME and my vision plus mission …. And YOU… my reader, listener and, inevitably, once I learn the delicate art of Vlogging: a … viewer; and not to be outdone or outmaneuvered, a participant in some interactions. As Fred’ Nietzsche put it “Now all things are possible.”


What I did on Google was find Wikipedia’s lists of earthquakes that have occurred since forever ago or more specifically about 2,400 years ago, in ancient China and the Middle East and elsewhere.


[And btw as a recently retired septuagenarian old style ‘schoolteacher’ I am aware that Wikipedia has its detraktors. I am also aware that I may infuriate the sensible reader by using the letter K where usual practice calls for the letter C. Those of you who are based in the USA and fear the disruptive effects of that rather curious President ‘Tsunami’ as I call him, who having been voted in is more than usually despised by his populace, as a rude disruptor and it must have been the year, for we were born then too.]


Therefore I invite my readers to check out the information I shall herewith share; and tell me that I am wrong and that my role as a writer of fiction has not suddenly morphed into some curious form of prophetic reality check, and that when I did my research I was too filled with good cheer and miscounted. It was the festive season after all.


My purpose was to establish the total number of particular ‘BIG’ seismic events: [earthquakes broadly] that have occurred more or less ever; and about which we can infer a scale equitable with Richter [Richter Scale: RS]. I was also only looking at earthquakes @ 6 or greater than 6 [RS], a scale roughly equitable with Hiroshima in 1945.


So I was categorizing the earthquakes in two sets: those before 1998 and those afterwards. Now please remember that I am a writer of fiction so, 1998 was the year when I chose a particular sequence of events that took place then, in South Asia. Given that I was searching for a disruption effect great enough to fuel the move to Universal Income and a means to pay for it, I played “what if”: and made that a central background part of my story, the Jonker Memorandum, and in the chaos that follows the event my heroine can act….


Again, because you didn’t know: The Jonker Memorandum [pronounced Yonka] is Part 3 of the Azanian Quartet; and has existed since 2010 on my website nicholasjakari.com that has been visited many times and puzzled many. It took four years of weekend recording sessions in my garden to konstrukt, what I refer to, as the greatest one-man show ever [in my particular genre]. The final episode went up in 2014.


In my self imposed role as a down-market, essentially working class, contrarian mediator in the learning of things Economical amongst frequently less than avid learners, I had in mind the idea, that in the part of the story that is in “The Future”, the masses [Orwell’s Proles] live on what I call “Basic Pay” [An idea that is now increasingly touted as “Universal Income” an idea with which I strongly approve especially since I became older: and generally remained poor].


In point of fact as the themes evolved I realised that everyone lives on it [in the future] … never mind the Proles… Developments in AI, Quantum computing… which promises to be to digital, what digital was to steam… plus, plus, plus… et al … indicate a future in which work, as it was known is HISTORY. Basic Pay is inevitable… self-employment is inevitable on a dramatic scale… how can it work?


In addition to the idea of Basic pay and because the children in my care demanded it, I [plus the ‘demanders’ ] also had to consider how it could be financed or even afforded; something that seems to have been overlooked by most science fiction writers and those others actually actively promoting the idea.


A key evolving methodology seems to be involving… perhaps… a transaction levy… requiring dealing with hugely, insurmountable blocks of vested interests, at the heart of the “system” [however you choose to define it]. Discussions on that topic could keep people employed for ever… and what if we don’t have forever [fiction remember] … Or perhaps there is some other idea, such as one that is now at the heart of Part 4’s evolution, as the closing part of the Azanian Quartet and will be on Amazon later this year.


So back in 1998 I was wrestling with this [relatively unoriginal] idea that I had, which is really only a back-story part of the background to the main sci fi adventure crime story, in the knowledge, that neither idea was feasible in almost any term, short of a disruption effect on a monumental scale … so huge that the entire planet’s destiny was almost terminally; or certainly irrevocably changed.


So since I write fiction and since, like many of my fellow-now-aging-those-of-us still-surviving, wild kolonial boys, I had learned long ago about a military, firearms usage procedure, called the “Double Tap”: and serendipitously in that same year [1998] while in search of raw material for plots and themes, I had occasion to encounter the “double tap” method at the hands of a practicing expert.


It was done under the specialized supervision of a man, who was, some years later, arrested on an Interpol International arrest warrant, for [allegedly] 49 professional murders: and may therefore be seriously considered as an expert on the use of that double tap method. Albeit I did not then, know, that previously unshared information… albeit his general after action beer conversation was loaded with the usual conspiracy stuff.


But nonetheless I was then, contemplating the truthfulness of his affirmation; that the second shot amplifies the power of the first shot, by 500%, and by extension, I wondered: the second by the third et al to 6..


The news of the tit for tat bang, bang: by the two contenders for influence in that south Asian region, was routine fare in a place always desperately shifting attention elsewhere, in a variation of the standard national scapegoating exercises practiced in most localities.


Nonetheless. They [the two South Asian nations] were, to me, nestling on a great big piece of tectonic geology called the Himalayas: and ‘what if “ was a given.


In other words you will recollect that two competing regions in South Asia began a six-bomb test consecutive blast interregnum of underground nuclear explosions later in that same year, 1998.


Each was allegedly about 2.5RS.


I speculated … What if this is a Nuclear Triple double tap … 2500 x500% x500%x500% x500%x … = huge times… Maybe massive on Richter.


I write fiction remember. I checked out my idea over the years with ‘klevas’… people ranging from ordinary scientific types focused on classroom physics and chemistry, to Nuclear scientists and climate change people who all confirmed that I was writing fiction… and I went on… feeling ok.


The effect of what I have thus called: “The Ringing’, was global disruption. This was characterized by a sequence of flooding and tsunamis that I ‘created’ together with the mass scale disruption that followed the changes to the climate that I hypothesized over the next period of time. All this was part of the back-story to my tale of robbery and murder. In fact the explanatory chapters are simply headed as Footnotes. [For instance the footnote chapter in which the region I call Keiretsu [aka Japan/Nippon] was engulfed by a tsunami went up one week before the recent tsunami that devastated parts of the country and ruined a nuclear power station…. Elsewhere [Chapter 10.] the trouble starts after an airliner disappears in flight … published two years before an airliner disappeared]


And that ‘disruption’ of course; that idea changed the real story. And while I dealt with that need, which took a few years, I put together “7Ways to get your money” from notes I had made during the time after I became a ‘returnee refugee’ in this country where I now live. I had inadvertently, seriously annoyed the man who became the post liberation Dictator, of Zimbabwe; ultimately being forced out in a recent coup after 37 bloodstained years. So I had to exit post-liberation Zimbabwe, in something of a hurry: with my wife, two babies, four dogs and four cats in an old Volkswagen panel van; that blew up at the entrance to what I now call the Dome surrounding the Mega Unicity most of us call Jozi.


It was a time when a ‘sixties drop out’ had to come in from the cold; and make big money fast, in a place, that was itself, on a steeply slippery slope… to its own ultimate oblivion.


The Dome btw is an idea represented by the multilane high speed ring road that surrounds the inner city of Jozi, in Mzansi, where I have lived on and off ever since the 60’s, having relocated to Zimbabwe, in the ‘70’s as part of my ‘drop out’ period some years earlier, when it was still a naughty, disruptive, now failed, Kolonial experiment, with other people’s places.


The ‘other people’ wanted to go back to how things were before any koloniste arrived; and have successfully returned to the 17th century they sought. They are now displeased with the result… but that is another tale altogether and is otherwise irrelevant.


So 7Ways is a Prelude to the Azanian Quartet: a tale of many revolutions. 7Ways represents the world of relative order that makes everything possible. The Azanian Quartet is implicitly a metaphorical story about how the world ended, and what happened afterwards. It is also a story about the ambiguity of memory regarding how it all happened. It is also a story that gains more relevance in what has now after ten years of Quantitative Easing [QE] become a planet running on about one point three quadzillion US$ worth of global debt: meaning that getting the money is now more urgent than ever before.


Which brings us back to my Wikipedia search.


Allowing for some marginal calculation error… Wikipedia lists many earthquakes below 6 on the Richter scale… so I may have miscalculated here and there or over calculated elsewhere. And for all I know I may have been on the wrong page. I am still at heart a techno moronic, aging, baby boomer.


Pre 1998; going back 2400 ish odd years.
Slightly more than 400.
Specifically 413 … [four hundred and thirteen]. Subject as mentioned to korektion.


Post 1998. The next 19 [nineteen] years
Slightly more than 400.
Specifically 414. [Four hundred and fourteen.]


Perhaps you can understand why I am worried about my fiction writing skills. Tell me its imagination… or that I’m reviewing usage through a naughty Wikipedia page, which is…. Not appropriately Peer reviewed, is it?


For clarity purposes.


*You have access to the Prelude: 7Ways. Available now on Amazon. @ https://www.amazon.com/author/nicholasjakari
**Part 1 of the Azanian Quartet : The Buffalo Hunters is currently with an editor undergoing some surgery and should be available, end February 2018.
*** Part 2 The Ashanti Raider will be online by end April 2018.
**** Part 3 The Jonker Memorandum an 84 episode podcast cyber serial is available for your listening pleasure online at nicholasjakari.com


They are not sequential other than in order of writing so you can listen in pleasure. Many of my listeners are bed bound invalids and other resting persons. And like Mr. Nietzsche [whom I played for the world international Konference celebrating the centenary of that Philosopher at Pretoria University in 2000 AD] many of the ideas presented in that story have become common usage now since some 10million hits have occurred on my website many of them from people, say about 10%]


***** Part 4 is still under konstruktion and has passed the three quarters mark targeted to be ready by August 2018.


Hope to have you back again soon
Regards
Nicholas Jakari.
And don’t forget to buy the ebook.

‘Hooties’ and the Bomb.

Blog 1May 2015 Worker’s Day.

 

This Worker’s Day some fine young plumbers came to the house and replaced the geyser that had decided to spring a mean leak, and drip water down walls, fortunately being caught by Madame, before damage to floors and other things became de rigueur. This distracted us from the News.
 

The news is about Nepal and the horror caused by a massive [7.9 ] earthquake; seemingly centred in the neighbourhood of the legendary, almost karmic, city of Kathmandu. The destruction is immense and reminiscent of Port au Prince in Haiti recently… too recently, not to mention a dozen other places around the world some memorable, like Christchurch some, some less noted… like Bam, the most ancient clay brick construction, dating back before antiquity or some unheralded like Pakistani villages also deep inside the Himalayas some years back… almost ignored… as is the rising tally and the notes it plays on the game called dischord… as the PLanet rings to a different tone.
 
The being ignored is always as curious as are the disasters themselves. According to the news they, the Nepalese authorities, are calling for helicopters to be sent… raising yet again the curious absence of vertical take off aircraft to deal with these increasing examples of natural disaster… or are they more properly ‘unintended outcomes’? There is not a week goes past these days without a volcano exploding somewhere [Chile presently], terrible storms blasting the countryside [in Philippines for instance ] or tornados flattening country towns {USA] and yet no aircraft manufacturer has managed to produce a vertical take off aircraft large enough o carry supplies. And runways are routinely destroyed in earthquakes it seems. We can of course crash a satellite into Mercury. No. Vertical take off is an ignored theme…
 
Like the blitzkrieg presently engulfing the relative No Place called Yemen, an ‘ignored’ theme. When the Israeli’s bombarded Gaza last year for a week or so the world was rightly outraged at the behaviour of an allegedly advanced country towards those who considered themselves enemies.
 
However the Saudi’s have rained destruction on an entire neighboring country using high tech weaponry to pulverize the region into what media footge suggests is a similar state of pre-history to that done by the Israeli’s, only on a more national scale, bombing, it seems, every building in the country: in order to destroy some people no one [well certainly not News junkies like me] had ever heard of i.e. [we the general mob out there in the feedosphere (sic) of media ].
 

When I first heard the targets of this venomous rampage mentioned I thought they were bombing out the rock group “Hootie and the Blowfish” … and couldn’t think what the poor artists had done to deserve such vindictive pulverizing. Then when it transpired that these so-called ‘Hooties’ had been a problem for years the idea that they had never before been mentined was simply ignored as if it were somehow our fault that we knew not who they were. By contrast one is almost routinely aware of Gaza.
 
Then one hears that almost every group that was [justifiably] enraged by the wanton vanquishing of Gaza, became the same people applauding the demolition of this apparently scurrilous collection of serving class persons [called Hooties [sic], like some weird collection of hillbillies?] in a broadly desert territory. Talk about overkill.
 
Even the venerable BBC, so routinely posturing their comforting opinions, have proved no more than tut tuttish about them. So they must be bad if you have to bomb the entire place into extinction to isolate a few rats… what about the ordinary citizenry… or are they all “Hooties?” What happened to the Yemeni’s who recently murdered some Mzansian missionary for not paying a bribe to be released?.
 
And then to add to the obfuscatory confounding puzzle routinely presented by people. We have a minister in our own government [Mzansi] who has been routinely rude about the Israeli’s and behaved in a way that most people would regard as anti-social were it a dispute between neighbours, and who is now apoplectic: because they [The Israeli’s] decided to refuse the Minister permission to enter their territory to talk with people they obviously dislike so much they keep ‘hitting’ them.
 
The MInister has expressed outrage at being mistreated… Like “I’m going to be rude to you and how dare you take offence?” Hello! This from a man who supported refusing the Dalai Lama, of all people, a visa to visit our country to spend a birthday with an old friend.
 
Surely it is hard to be more morally correct than the Dalai Lama… irrespective of whom you otherwise dislike. Of course the Dalai Lama had his country stolen by imperialists of a kind approved of by our minister. The Imperialists are in denial that their takeover of the Dalai Lama’s turf is/was Imperialistic. Perhaps the Saudi’s are doing the same to the Hooties [whoever they are] with our Minister’s approval? Wouldn’t that be odd?
 

Does this indicate that our moral precepts are as ephemeral as Nietzsche suggested they were a century of more ago… so we are slow learners? To rephrase someone [or other] “This is my moral position and if it confuses you: this is an alternative one. And whichever i choose; i’m right and you’re always wrong”.
 
What all these demonstrations do reveal though is how ephemeral all our achievements are, when placed up against nature; and the question I am left with is: which presents the bigger ‘natural’ disturbance… a 7.9 earthquake [Nepal 2015/04/25] or a nuclear bomb? OK according to the standard guru [Wikipedia] “Little Boy” [Hiroshima was a magnitude 6.0. Meaning 15 kilotons versus 7.9 10-15 MEGATONS]. There have been much bigger Nukes tested than Little Boy but as we know his was the real thing.
 
According to the same Wikipedia piece there have been some 64 explosive effects greater than Hiroshima of which we have a record. Of these 33 have been recorded this century i.e. over the past 14 and one third years. One of the the oldest, Toba [800 megatons], was 75,000 years ago. In including all of the Post-Hiroshima era, we are talking more than half that number again out of the 64… That;s a lot of pounding in a short period of time by Geological standards, never mind our history, it is close to instantaneous, and that therefore the idea that we have somehow managed to “move the planet” in some way becomes ever more plausible.
 
The “Ringing” is perhaps becoming more strident. For those who have followed the tale of the Jomnker Memorandum [JM] events are following my script [JM] even if the fragments I pieced together don’t quite follow current events. Either I or nature improvise. OK that route is madness [especially if you’ve never followed the tale of the JM… or have not searched my site for the meaning of JM.].
 
And what if this has all happened before… times without number
 
Really: I preferred the plumbers … excellent fellows. At least my hot water is comfortable… and i can feel sad about the Nepalese until my turn comes again.
 

Episode 41 JM

Episode 41 JM

The allegoric digression continues.
Footnotes 7 & 8: What happened on the road to Armageddon, who is Korinth Starr and what was the Srinaker Incident?

© Applies to all material on this site.

 

Episode 40 JM

Episode 40 JM

Footnote 7

A digression on a planet

© Applies to all material on this site.